12. Urothelium does not line: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a. Collecting ducts
b. Minor calyx
c. Ureter
d. Urinary bladder
MKT Session-1
(
38. Which of the following is correctly matched: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a. B cells – Somatostain
b. D cells – Insulin
c. G cells – Gastrin
d. …..
MKT-Session-1 (
11. Principal enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract.
| Cell Type and Location | Hormone Produced |
| A-stomach | Glucagon |
| G-pylorus | Gastrin(AIIMS-NOV-2007***) |
| S-small intestine | Secretin |
| K-small intestine | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide |
| L-small intestine | Glucagon-like substance (glicentin) |
| I-small intestine | Cholecystokinin |
| D-pylorus, duodenum | Somatostatin |
| Mo-small intestine | Motilin |
| EC-digestive tract | Serotonin, substance P |
| D1-digestive tract | Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide |
132. A patient presents with hyperparathyroidism. He has a family history of his siblings having pituitary involvement, thyroid nodules, pancreatic involvement, parathyroid hyperplasia and cutaneous angiofibromas. Most likely diagnosis: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a. MEN 1
b. MEN 2A
c. MEN 2B
d. MEN 2C
MKT-POSITIVE SESSION
(Also in OPERATION HRRI-P-2231)
| 2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) | ||
| Type | Genetic locus | Gland affected |
| Men – 1 | Chromo some 11 | Parathyroid hyperplasia / adenoma |
| Pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia/adenoma/carcinoma | ||
| Pituitary hyperplasia/adenoma;rarely carcinoid,pheochromocytoma, lipomata | ||
| MEN II (also known as “MEN IIA” | Chromosome 10 | Medullary thyroid carcinoma |
| Pheochromocytoma (bilateral in 50%) | ||
| Parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma;rarely cutaneous lichen amyloidosis | ||
| MEN III (also known as ‘MEN IIB’ | Chromosome 10 | Medullary thyroid carcinoma |
| Pheochromocytoma (commonly bilateral) | ||
| Mucosal/gastrointestinal neuromas | ||
| Marfanoid features/thickened ‘bumpy’ lips | ||
| All syndromes display autosomal dominant inheritance. Genetic (DNA Polymorphism) testing identifies carriers of MEN II and MEN III with > 90% certainly | ||
106. Hypercalcemia is caused by all except: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a.
b. Lithium
c. Vitamin D intoxication
d. ..
MKT-POSITIVE SESSION
8. Causes of Hyper Calcaemia
| With normal or elevated (i.e. inappropriate)PTH levels |
| K Primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism K Lithium-induced hyperparathyroidism K Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia |
| With low (i.e. suppressed)PTH levels |
| K Malignancy (e.g.lung, breast, renal, ovarian, colonic and thyroid carcinoma) K Multiple myeloma K Elevated 1, 25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 (e.g. intoxication or sarcoidosis) K Thyrotoxicosis K Paget’s disease with immobilisation K Milk alkali syndrome K Thiazide diuretics K Addison’s disease |
135. Fractional excretion of Na++ <>
a. Pre-renal azotemia
b. ATN
c. Intrinsic renal failure
d. Renal artery stenosis
MKT-POSITIVE SESSION
Urine chemistry in differential diagnosis of ARF
| Urine | Prerenal acute renal failure* | Ischemic Intrinsic acute renal failure |
| Urine osmolality, Uosm (mOsm/kg H2O) | > 500 | <> |
| Urine to plasma osmolality | > 1.5 | <> |
| Urine specific gravity | > 1.018 | <> |
| Plasma BUN : creatinine ratio | > 20 | <> |
| Urinary urea nitrogen : plasma urea nitrogen ratio | > 8 | <> |
| Urinary creatinine : plasma creatinine ratio | > 40 | <> |
| Urinary Na+ concentration (mmol/L) | <> | > 20 |
| Fractional excretion of Na+ (%)c(AIIMS-NOV-2007***) | <> | > 2 |
| Renal failure index UNa/Ucr/Pcr | <1 | >1 |
| Urine sediment | Hyaline casts | Muddy brown granular casts |
(Also in OPERATION HARRI)
71. SAFE strategy is recommended for: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a. Trachoma
b. Glaucoma
c. Diabetic retinopathy
d. Cataract
SAFE strategy for trachoma: MKT-POSITIVE-2007-OPHTHAL
- Surgery for trichiasis.
- Antibiotics
- Facial Cleanliness.
-Environmental improvement.
114. PAS does not stain: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a. Fungal cell wall
b. Basement membrane of bacteria
c. Glycogen
d. Lipids
MKT –POSITIVE SESSION
Table 5. Common Histochemical / Cytochemical Stains in Tumour Diagnosis.
| SUBSTANCE | STAIN |
| 1. Basement membrane lcollagen | * Periodic acid – Schiff (PAS) * Reticulin * Van Gieson * Masson’s trichrome |
| 2. Glycogen | * PAS with loss |
| 3. Glycoproteins, glycolipids (epithelial origin) | * PAS with diastase persistence glycomucins |
| 4. Acid mucin (mesenchymal origin) | * Alcian blue |
| 5. Mucin (in general) | * Combined Alcian blue – PAS |
| 6. Argyrophilic argentaffin granules | * Silver stains |
| 7. Cross striations | * PTAH stain |
| 8. Enzymes | * Myeloperoxidase * Acid phosphatase * Alkaline phosphatase |
| 9. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) | * Colloidal silver stain |
110. A 2-year old child presents with scattered lesions in the skull. Biopsy revealed Langerhans giant cells. Most commonly associated is: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a. CD1a
b. CD57
c. CD3
d. CD68
MKT - RADIOLOGY and ONCOLOGY
12. Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (CDs)
| CD | Hematolymphoid Cell Expressiona,b Related functions or proteins |
| CD 1a,b,c | Thymomas, Langerhans cell histiocytosis(AIIMS NOV-2007****), Precursor T-LL/L (some) Associated with b2- microglobulin |
| CD 2 | Mastocytosis (some ) E rosette receptor LFA-3 |
| CD 3 | Mature T-cell neoplasms (many), Precursor T-LL/L(T-cell ALL); signal transduction |
| CD 4 | Mature T-cell neoplasms (some) HIV Gp 120 receptor; MHC-II receptor recognition |
| CD 5 | CLL / SLL (many) Mature T-cell neoplasms (many) Mantle cell lymphoma; T proliferation, CD 72 ligand |
| CD 6 | T activation |
| CD 7 | Mature T-cell neoplasms (most), AML (Some) IgM FcR; T and NK activation |
| CD 8 | Mature T-cell neoplasms (some) MHC-1 receptor |
| CD 9 | Tetraspan, signal transduction |
| CD 10 | Precursor B-LL/L (most); follicular lymphomas (most), Neutral endopeptidase |
| CD 11a | LFA – 1; mediates cell adhesion binds 1-CAM |
| CD 11b | C’3bi receptor, αM integrin chain of MAC – I complex |
| CD 11c | HCL ; Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (some) AML (monoblastic & myelomonocytic) C3bi, C3dg receptor; αX integrin chain, LFA α chain |
| CD w12 | Unknown function |
| CD 13 | Coronavirus receptor, inactivates peptides |
| CD 14 | Lipopolysaccharide receptor Gp-1-linked |
| CD 15 | HL Lewisx, neutrophil adhesion and phagocytosis |
| CD 16a | Large granular lymphocyte proliferation (NK type) Fcy R; signal transduction on NK and M |
| CD 16 b | Fcy R; Gp-1-linked; immune complex receptor |
| CDw17 | Lactoceramide |
| CD 18 | Integrin heterodimer with CD11, LFA-1 |
| CD 19 | Mature B-cell neoplasms (most), precursor B-LL/L Modulates B responsiveness |
| CD 20 | Mature B-cell neoplasms, Precursor B-LL/L (some); HL (nodular lymphocyte predominance) B activation and proliferation |
| CD 21 | Follicular dendritic cell neoplasms (See CD 35); C’ 3D RECEPTOR; EBV receptor; B activation/ proliferation |
| CD 22 | Mature B-cell neoplasms Mediates adhesion |
| CD 23 | CLL/SLL (most) Fc epsilon R; cytotoxicity by M & Eos |
| CD 24 | Gp-1-linked; regulates B proliferation and differentiation |
| CD 25 | HCL; HL (most) ALCL (most) Mastocytosis, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; IL-2H |
| CD 30 | ALCL ; HL Ki-1 (Ber-H2) antigen; TNFR-like protein involved in T activation |
| CD 31 | Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule -1 (PECAM-1), Plat GpIIA |
| CD 32 | Myeloid leukemias Fcy R, regulates B |
| CD 33 | AML (most) Precursor B – ll/l Function unknown |
| CD 34 | AML (most) Precursor B- & T-LL/L (some) Possible role in stromal adhesion |
| CD 35 | Follicular dendritic cell neoplasms C’ 3b/C’4b receptor (see CD 21) |
| CD 36 | Plat GpIIIb, Gp-IV; collagen, thrombospondin, and malaria receptor |
| CD 38 | Plasma cell neoplasms, CLL/SLL Leukocyte activation |
| CD 40 | TNFR protein involved in B differentiation |
| CD 41 | Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia Plat Gp-IIb; fibrinogen & Von Willebrand’s factor receptor |
| CD 42 a–d | Gps IX, 1bα , 1bb , V respectively |
| C 43 | Precursor & Mature T-cell neoplasms, CLL/SLL (some), Mantle cell lymphoma, AML Leukocyte sialoglycoprotein, adhesion |
| CD 44 | H-CAM, Lymphocyte homing receptor |
| CD 45 | Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) Signal transduction |
| CD 45 RA, RB, RC | 45 RA:B – cell lymphomas, HL (nodular lymphocyte predominant): Restricted LCA forms with exons A, B, or C |
| CD 45 RO | Mature T-cell neoplasms, B-cell lymphomas (some) Restricted LCA forms without exons |
| CD 49 | α Integrin chains; laminin, fibronectin & collagen receptors |
| CDw52 | Campath-1:Target for C’-mediated lysis; |
| CD 54 | --CAM-1: LFA ligand; rhinovirus & malaria receptor |
| CD 55 | Decay accelerating factor; Gp-1-linked; deficiency leads to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) |
| CD 56 | Subset of NK/T-cell lymphomas N-CAM ; Gp-1-linked |
| CD 57 | Subset of NK/T-cell lymphomas |
| CD 59 | PNH (antigen lost in PNH) Gp-1-linked ; bubds C8 abd C9, blocks membrane- attack comlex |
| CD 61 | Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia Plat GpIIb/IIIa; β3 integrin; dimer with CD 41 or CD 51 |
| CD 66b,d | Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), biliary glycoprotein |
| CD 68 | Histiocytes (most)(?-AIIMS-NOV-2007***) ; Mastocytosis Endocytosis or lysosomal traffic |
| CD 72 | CD 5 ligand, B-cell activation / proliferation |
| CD 77 | Transmembrane signaling in apoptosis |
| CD 79a,b | CD 79a: Precursor B-LL/L, B-cell lymphomas, myeloma (some) B-cell receptor complex signal transduction |
| CD 83 | Marker for DC |
| CD 87 | Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor |
| CD 88 | Receptor for C’5a; cell activation, chemotaxis |
| CD 90 | CD 34 proliferation inhibitor ; Gp-1-linked |
| CD 94 | Regulates LFA-1 cytolytic activity |
| CD 96 | CD7+ AML; T-activated increased late expression (TACTILE) |
| CD 99 | Precursor B - & T- LL/L Adhesion and signalling; erythrocyte rosetting |
| CD 100 | Function unknown |
| CD 103 | HCL; Enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma Human mucosal lymphocyte (HML-1) |
| CD 108 | HL cell lines |
| CD 114 – 116 | G-CSFR and GM-CSFR |
| CD 117 | AML, Mastocytosis Stem cell factor receptor ; c-kit protein |
| CD 121-132 | IL – receptors |
| CD 138 | Myeloma Syndecan-1; extracellular matrix receptor |
| CD 140 | Platelet-derived growth factor |
| CD 141 | Thrombomodulin; down-regulates coagulation, thrombin receptor |
| CD 143 | Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
| CD 148 | Lost in carcinoma of breast bladder , liver |
| CD 154 | TNF family; B cell help by T cells |
| CD 155 | Polio virus receptor |
| CD 157 | Bone marrow stromal antigen (BST-1) |
| CD 161 | NK cell-mediated cytolytic activity |
191. All of the following are causes of cicatrizing alopecia except: [AIIMS-NOV-2007]
a. Lichen planus
b. Discoid lupus erythematosus
c. Alopecia areata
d. Lupus vulgaris
MKT-POSITIVE –DERM SESSION
9. Simplified tool for the diagnosis of alopecia
| Disease |
| Diffuse loss (non – scarring) |
| Telogen effluvium |
| Diffuse alopecia areata |
| Androgenic alopecia (men) |
| Androgenetic alopecia (women) |
| Systemic disease (thyroid, iron deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis) |
| Patchy loss (scarring) |
| Lichen planopilaris |
| Discoid lupus erythematosus |
| Folliculitis decalvans |
| Pseudopelade |
| Follicular degeneration syndrome |
| Patchy loss (non-scarring) |
| Alopecia localized |
| Tinea capitis |
| Traction alopecia |
| Trichotillomania |
| Syphilis |
